In an open letter to the United Nations, over 100 prominent writers, academics, and activists say the time has come to consider radical reform of the U.N. Security Council, given its abject failure to protect Syrians from the Bashar al-Assad regime's mass violence.
[Editor’s note: The below is an open letter to the United Nations, signed by over 100 signatories, concerning the present situation in Syria, and implications for the future of the international community, as represented by the United Nations, and especially its Security Council. In addition to being published here by Al-Jumhuriya, the letter has been sent directly to over a dozen senior U.N. officials, listed at the end of the text below.]
In 2000, Secretary General Kofi Annan submitted a report to the United Nations, We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the Twenty-First Century.1 Paragraphs 215-219 took up what he called the “dilemma of intervention,” characterized in terms of a conflict between the defense of humanity and the defense of sovereignty. Acknowledging that states are often the “principal perpetrators against the very citizens that humanitarian law requires them to protect” (para. 210), he stated that the Security Council had a “moral duty to act on behalf of the international community” and that “surely no legal principle—even sovereignty—can ever shield crimes against humanity” (para. 219).
This dilemma has not been resolved, and events in Syria have made clear that the attempt to forge an international consensus concerning the responsibility of states to protect the human rights of their own citizens has stalled, and quite possibly failed. This situation must change. The failures we see in Syria are failures of our international community; as the representative body for the international community, the U.N. bears responsibility for the failure to halt the Assad regime’s brutal campaign of terror against Syrians. While we appreciate Secretary General António Guterres’ recent remarks about the need to protect the 3.5 million people now in and around Idlib, the past seven years provide no basis for optimism on this score.
Events in Syria have resulted in paralysis at the highest levels of the U.N., sending a message—and not for the first time—that sovereign impunity and self-interest can apparently trump all other considerations when a country or one of its allies has veto power at the Security Council; even mass murder on a genocidal scale will not necessarily be stopped. This message is contrary to the purposes and principles expressed in the U.N. Charter,2 and is particularly worrisome at a time when the rise of increasingly authoritarian and nationalistic governments threatens to undermine international cooperation, stability, and peace, jeopardizing the work required to deal with global challenges successfully—de-escalation of conflicts; global warming; poverty and economic injustices; to name just a few. The U.N. remains an organization of considerable global power, but ineffectual moral outrage coupled with a continual and childish game of tu quoque at the Security Council only underscores how questionable the efficacy of this institution has become when a sovereign state violates the human rights of its own people. What has happened in Syria over the past seven years is consequently of enormous global significance. It reveals that even the most clearly and exhaustively documented chronicles of a government’s abuses are no guarantee that a vulnerable and brutalized population can make a successful claim for protection under international law, and it reveals that the member states of the U.N., particularly those on the Security Council, are apparently incapable of acting in concert when action is most needed. Whatever diplomatic and other efforts have been made to halt the slaughter, whatever condemnations of the Assad government and its allies have been issued, they are of no apparent help to the people of Idlib, who are now under profound threat. We urge you to do everything in your power to prevent another human and humanitarian tragedy in Syria, and by doing so, to renew your institution’s commitment to global cooperation and an ethics of partnership.
At any point over the past seven years, the government of Syria could have decided to take appropriate and effective steps to protect its population against genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity, in keeping with the political commitment it made when it signed onto the document issuing out of the 2005 World Summit, which specifically relied on the notion of the “Responsibility to protect” (R2P).3 This document makes clear that sovereignty is not only a right to be asserted in the face of outside interference, but also a responsibility owed by the government of a sovereign nation to protect, ensure, and advance the well-being of its entire population. Similarly, the Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts4 submitted to the United Nations General Assembly in 2001 acknowledge a general law of state responsibility within international law, which is relevant in profound cases of state abuse of its own citizens, as has occurred over the past seven years in Syria. It would seem that Assad has bested your institution, in the sense that its high principles have so far proven no match for the regime’s impunity.
The Assad government has utterly failed to meet any reasonable criteria of responsibility regarding the civilian population of Syria. With its decision to respond to peaceful, nonviolent protests with increasing force and violence, this regime signaled to the entire world that it had no intention of adhering to any international humanitarian norms with respect to the treatment of people residing within its borders; instead of being protected and treated with dignity, Syrian citizens were regarded as chattel—to be murdered, abused, terrorized, debased, and exploited as the regime wished. According to recent figures provided by OCHA, 13.1 million Syrians are in need of humanitarian assistance, 5.6 million have fled the country, and 6.1 million people have been internally displaced.5 The World Food Program provides assistance to 3 million people inside Syria and to 1.5 million Syrian refugees outside the country.6 Many thousands have died under torture in the regime’s prisons,7 and the whereabouts of tens of thousands more remain unknown to anyone outside the regime itself.8 And while the U.N. stopped tracking figures on the number of Syrian civilians killed in the conflict in 2014, U.N. Special Envoy Staffan de Mistura estimated in 2016 that at least as many as 400,000 had died,9 which is likely a low estimate.
The Assad government is responsible for over 90% of the documented civilian deaths within Syria since 2011.10 All perpetrators of war crimes in Syria should be held accountable for their actions, but it is important to underscore the responsibility of the regime for the overwhelming number of violations that have occurred since nonviolent protests began in 2011—behavior in keeping with a comprehensive, consistent, and longstanding pattern of citizen abuse that began under Hafez al-Assad and was institutionally as well as informally enshrined within the entire Syrian state, from the most modest village school to the grimmest cells of Tadmor and Saydnaya. It has been exhaustively documented that acts prohibited under international law have become routine practice in Syria, including widespread torture and death in prisons;11 forced disappearances;12 deliberate targeting of medical personnel and facilities;13 starvation sieges;14 forcible displacement of civilians;15 and systemic rape.16 Chemical weapons have been used against civilians on numerous occasions, with the OPCW-UN JIM finding the regime directly responsible for the attack in Khan Shaykhun.17 The Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic has determined that the Assad government used banned chemical weapons on at least 33 occasions.18 And although Syria and its ally Iran are not a party to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons,19 its ally Russia is; the use of so-called “barrel bombs” and other incendiary weapons in heavily-populated areas against civilians and medical personnel has resulted in profound death and destruction, and their use should be investigated under international law.
Again, the past seven years have shown that the U.N. has so far proven institutionally incapable of putting a stop to the violence. Its legitimacy has been tarnished, and the Assad state has been free to act against Syrians as it wishes, without restraint. The fact that reconstruction projects are now being discussed indicates that future business opportunities and commercial deals outrank the human rights of Syrians, which were anyways never of any real consequence to the regime. If those human rights remain of any consequence to the international community as a whole, as represented by the U.N., then the U.N. must either act immediately to protect and secure them, however belatedly, or admit that the institution is at a crossroads and begin a process of comprehensive reform, particularly with respect to the power accorded to the Security Council. The current status quo is intolerable, and must be changed, for the good of Syrians and indeed, for the good of everyone in this world of ours.
There is no indication, absolutely none whatsoever, that the regime and its allies will suddenly start to exercise restraint on the use of violence with regard to the civilian population residing in Idlib. The regime does not combat “terror;” it unleashes it. You, as employees of the representative body of the global community, must act to prevent what many reasonably fear will be a horrific slaughter. That is your job.
Sincerely:*
*affiliations are for identification purposes only
Amina A., New York City Syria Peace Vigil Group
Muhammad Idrees Ahmad, University of Stirling
Nadia Aissaoui, Sociologist and Feminist Researcher
Khaldoon Alaswad, MD Human rights activist, Director, Catheterization Laboratory Henry Ford Hospital
Jules Alford, Writer
Ron Aminzade, Emeritus Professor of Sociology, University of Minnesota
Joey Ayoub, University of Edinburgh. MENA Editor at Global Voices Online and IFEX
Amr Al-Azm, Professor of Middle East History and Anthropology, Shawnee State University
Iyad El-Baghdadi, President, Kawaakibi Center, Oslo
Joseph Bahout, Non-Resident Scholar at the Carnegie Endowment, Middle-East Program
Adam Baczko, Researcher, PhD Candidate, l'EHESS
Zeina Bali, SPACE - Norway
Mélanie Basset
Andrew Berman, Veterans for Peace
Brooke Binkowski, Journalist
Peter Bohmer, Faculty in Political Economy, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA, USA
Fred Breton, Conservationist
François Burgat, Political Scientist, Aix en Provence
André Burguière, Historian, Research Director, l'EHESS
Terry Burke, Peace and Media Activist, Minneapolis, MN
Marina Centonze, Librarian
Hassan Chamoun, filmmaker
Elena Chiti, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Oslo
Clay Claiborne, Director, Vietnam: American Holocaust, Linux Beach Productions
Clara Connolly, Syria Solidarity UK
Catherine Coquio, University Professor
Gail Daneker, Peace and Human Rights Activist, St. Paul, MN
Charles Davis, Journalist
Andreas Liebe Delsett, Artistic Director, The House of Literature, Oslo
Frédérik Detue, Associate Professor, University of Poitiers
Naomí Ramírez Díaz, Academic and Translator
Claude d'Estrée, Professor of International Law and Human Rights
Anne Eveleth, Anti-War Committees in Solidarity with the Struggles for Self-Determination (AWCs)
Murhaf Fares, PhD fellow, University of Oslo
Darren Fenwick, JD, VP, Syrian American Council
Yasmin Fredda, Film Director
Bob French, News and Letters Committees, Chicago
Shiyam Galyon, Syrian Women's Political Movement
Kelly Grotke, Writer and Historian
Dr. Lucy McGuffey, Department of Political Science, University of Colorado Denver
Subhi Hadidi, Literary Critic and Editorialist
Marc Hakim, Medical Doctor
Mazen Halabi, Director of Business Development, WATAN
Sam Charles Hamad, Writer
Juliette Harkin, Lecturer, Anglia Ruskin University
Nader Hashemi, Director, Center for Middle East Studies, Univ. of Denver
Stephen Hastings-King, Writer and Historian
Stanley Heller, Host, "The Struggle" TV news
Dr. H.A. Hellyer, Senior Nonresident Fellow and Visiting Professor, Royal United Services Institute, Atlantic Council & CASIS
Steven Heydemann, Ketchum Professor of Middle East Studies, Smith College
Joël Hubrecht, Jurist, Institut des hautes études sur la justice, France
Sarah Hunaidi, Writer, Translator, and Activist
Afra Jalabi, Writer
Jørgen Jensehaugen, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences
Betcy Jose, Department of Political Science, University of Colorado Denver
Dr. Michael Karadjis, Western Sydney University
Muhmmad Alkasoom, Teacher and Activist
Keenan Kassar, MBA Candidate, University of Chicago
Oz Katerji, Journalist
Dragana Kaurin, Researcher
Sarah Kay, Human Rights Lawyer
Abdul-Wahab Kayyali, Academic and Musician
Polly Kellogg, Retired Humanities Professor, St Cloud State University, Minnesota
Line Khateeb, Advisor, Norwegian People’s Aid
Sarah Kilani, Medical Doctor
Kim Kokett, Educator and Peace Activist, Minneapolis, MN
Andrea Love, Educator and Peace Activist, Minneapolis, MN
Ketil Magnussen, Director of The Oslo Documentary Cinema
Ziad Majed, Associate Professor at the American University of Paris
Farouk Mardam Bey, Historian and Publisher
Amenah Masri, Massachusetts
Jamie Mayerfeld, Professor of Political Science, University of Washington
Kathleen McKay, Board Member Emeritus, Iraqi & American Reconciliation Project
Fred Mecklenburg, News and Letters Committees
Franck Mermier, Professor and Senior Researcher at the CNRS, France
Adnan Al Mhamied, Syrian Social worker, PhD student, School of Social Work, McGill University
Yasser Munif, Emerson College
Karam Nachar, Işık University
Véronique Nahoum-Grappe, Anthropologist and University Professor
Mansour Omari, Journalist and Human Rights Defender
Şenay Özden, Researcher, Turkey
Wendy Pearlman, Northwestern University
Teresa Pepe, University of Oslo
Caterina Pinto, University of Bari
Raphaël Pitti, Professor and Medical Doctor
Claire A. Poinsignon, Independent Journalist
Danny Postel, Middle East and North African Studies Program, Northwestern University
Kester Ratcliff
Kenan Rahmani, Syrian-American Lawyer and Activist
Leila Nachawati Rego, Writer and Professor
Mary Rizzo, Translator and Activist
Alex Rowell, Al-Jumhuriya English
Adam Sabra, Professor of History, University of California, Santa Barbara
Najwa Sahloul, France
Zaher Sahloul, MD, President & Co-founder, MedGlobal
Yassin al-Haj Saleh, Journalist
Jason Schulman, New Politics magazine
Stephen R. Shalom, William Paterson University of NJ
Tristan Sloughter, Denver Democratic Socialists of America
Bendik Sørvig, Aid Worker and Author, Norway
Edward Sutton, Twin Cities Democratic Socialists of America
Stefan Tarnowski, PhD Candidate, Columbia University
David Turpin Jr., Anti-War Committees in Solidarity with the Struggles for Self-Determination (AWCs)
Bjørn Olav Utvik, Professor of Middle East History, Oslo
Leila Vignal, University Professor
Johannes Waardenburg, Historian
Elisabeth Ward, Executive Director, International Human Rights Law Institute, DePaul University, Chicago
Joshka Wessels, Lund University
David Williams, Peregrine Forum of Wisconsin
Lydia Wilson, Research Fellow, Centre for the Resolution of Intractable Conflict, University of Oxford
Harald Wolf, Sociologist, Sociological Research Institute at the University of Göttingen, Germany
Nisrine Al Zahre, University Professor
Open letter to:
Member States of the UN General Assembly and Members of the UN Security Council, via Security Council President Nikki Haley (September term) UN Headquarters, 405 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017, USA
via the Spokesman for the Secretary General Stéphane Dujarric:
-Member States of the UN General Assembly and Members of the UN Security Council
-UN Secretary-General António Guterres
-Oscar Fernandez-Taranco, Assistant Secretary-General for Peacebuilding Support, UN Peacebuilding Support Office (PBSO), UN Secretariat, 30th floor, New York, NY 10017
-Marta Santos Pais, UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Violence Against Children, via UN Headquarters, 405 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017, USA
-Jean-Pierre Francois Renaud Lacroix, Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, UN Secretariat, 30th floor, New York, NY 10017
via Elizabeth Cabal, Focal Point for NGOs:
-Jeffrey Feltman, Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, UNGA Department of Political Affairs, 405 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017, USA
-Staffan de Mistura, UN Special Envoy for Syria, UNGA Department of Political Affairs, 405 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017, USA
via Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR):
-Michelle Bachelet, High Commissioner of Human Rights, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, (OHCHR), Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland
-Paulo Pinheiro, Karen Koning Abuzayd, and Hanny Megally, Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, UN Human Rights Council, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland
via United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA):
-Mark Lowcock, Under-Secretary-General and Emergency Relief Coordinator, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
-Ursula Mueller, Assistant Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Deputy Emergency Relief Coordinator, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
-Panos Moumtzis, Regional Humanitarian Coordinator for the Syria Crisis, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
via United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism:
-Vladimir Ivanovich Voronkov, Under-Secretary-General
-Jehangir Khan, Director
via United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA):
-Thomas Markram, Director and Deputy to the High Representative for Disarmament Affairs, United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA)
-Izumi Nakamitsu, Under-Secretary-General and High Representative for Disarmament Affairs
via United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division – International Migration, United Nations, 2 United Nations Plaza, Rm. DC2-1950, New York, NY 10017 USA
-Louise Arbour, UN Special Representative for International Migration
-Peter Sutherland, UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General (SRSG) for International Migration
-David Beasley, Executive Director, World Food Program (WFP)
-Adama Dieng, United Nations Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect, UN Headquarters, 405 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017, USA
-Henrietta H. Fore, Executive Director, UNICEF
-Virginia Gamba, UN Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, United Nations 405 East 42nd St New York, NY 10017, USA
-Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director General, World Health Organization (WHO), 20, avenue Appia, Geneva, Switzerland via WHO Media
-Filippo Grandi, United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR), Case Postale 2500, CH-1211 Genève 2 Dépôt, Suisse
-Christopher Gunness, Spokesperson, Director of Advocacy and Strategic Communications, United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA)
-Nils Melzer, UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland
-Ahmed Al Meraikhi, Humanitarian Envoy of the UN Secretary-General, Office of the Secretary-General’s Humanitarian Envoy, PO Box 250, Street 804, Building 44 Zone 66 West Bay Lagoon, Doha, Qatar
-Gustavo Adolfo Meza-Cuadra Velásquez, Chair, United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee, UN Security Council, via UN Headquarters: 405 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017, USA
-Jens Modvig, Chair, and Members of the Committee Against Torture, UNOG-OHCHR, CH-1211 Geneva 10 (Switzerland)
-Iyad H. Nasr, Regional Public Information Officer, Regional Office for the Middle East and North Africa (ROMENA), UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
-Nassir Abdulaziz al-Nasser, UN High Representative for the Alliance of Civilizations, United Nations Alliance of Civilizations Secretariat, 730 Third Avenue, 20th Floor, New York, New York 10017
-Fionnuala D. Ní Aoláin, Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, UN Human Rights Council
-Pramila Patten, Under-Secretary General, United Nations Special Representative on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict (SRSG-SVC)
-Jana Reinišová, Executive Council Chair, Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), Johan de Wittlaan 32, 2517 JR - The Hague, The Netherlands via
-Ivan Šimonović and/or Pending Appointment, United Nations Special Adviser on the Responsibility to Protect, United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect, UN Headquarters, 405 East 42nd Street, New York, NY, 10017, USA
-Achim Steiner, Administrator, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), One United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017 USA via Mr. Noeman M M AlSayyad, Regional Communications Advisor
-Vojislav Šuc, President, Human Rights Council, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), Palais Wilson, 52 rue des Pâquis, CH-1201 Geneva, Switzerland
-Juliette S. Touma, Chief of Communication, United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), Regional Office for the Middle East and North Africa (Jordan)
-Mourad Wahba, Director, Regional Bureau for Arab States, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), One United Nations Plaza, DC1-22nd Floor, New York, NY, 10017
-Ali H. Za’tari, Resident/Humanitarian Coordinator for the Syrian Arab Republic, United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
- 1. http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan000923.pdf A/54/2000 (27th March, 2000)
- 2. http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/chapter-i/index.html
- 3. 2005 World Summit Outcome Document, A/RES/60/1, paragraphs 138-140
- 4. http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/commentaries/9_6_2001.pdf
- 5. http://www.unocha.org/syrian-arab-republic (Figures as of February 2018)
- 6. http://www1.wfp.org/emergencies/syria-emergency
- 7. https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/A-HRC-31-CRP... ; https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE2445082016ENGLISH.PDF ; https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/12/16/if-dead-could-speak/mass-deaths-an... ; https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-un/graphic-tortu...
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- 9. https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/note-correspondents/2016-04-22/note-... While de Mistura acknowledges the challenges of coming up with an accurate figure, he underscored that it “cannot be 250,000 anymore” in light of the continuing violence.
- 10. http://vdc-sy.net/monthly-statistical-report-casualties-syria-march-2018/
- 11. http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoISyria/A-HRC-31-CRP1... ; https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/12/16/if-dead-could-speak/mass-deaths-an...
- 12. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session27/_layouts/... ; http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session25/_layouts/... (pp. 36ff)
- 13. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session27/_layouts/... (p. 18); http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session29/_layouts/... (p. 7); http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session25/_layouts/... (pp 57ff) ;http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/reports/syria-attacks-on-doc... ; https://www.msf.org/syria-idlibs-population-suffers-consequences-heavy-f... ; http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/library/statements/issue-brief-attac...
- 14. https://www.sams-usa.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Report_Madaya_Starva...
- 15. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE2473092017ENGLISH.pdf
- 16. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/NewsDetail.aspx?NewsID=22833&... ; http://allsurvivorsproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/ASP_Syria_Repo... ; https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/assad-prisons-women...
- 17. http://undocs.org/S/2017/904
- 18. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-warcrimes/un-doc...
- 19. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-...